SEO Contest 2008

Self Esteem Among Street Children in Chennai City

The Phenomenon of the street children is a recent one. It is stated that the Latin American countries were the first to recognize it in their cities being the phenomenon of a magnitude and size which warranted the attention of all concerned. However the problem of street children is global one and exists in both, the developed as well as developing countries, with a difference in its size and magnitude. These countries have some kinds of micro levels of rehabilitation measures. But much remains to be done in this field.

Street children is a trem – shaking uncontrollably as a result of anxiety, excitement or weakness which often highlights a certain set of working and living conditions rather than personal and social characteristics of the individual children them selves. So often, Children in these conditions are victims of stereotypes such as “Juvenile delinquents “ on the part of the public and authorities . The term “street children” should refer to all children who work in the street of urban areas without reference to the time they spend there or the reasons for being there.” (National workshop on street children, 29 and 30 August 1998)

The other terminologies for street children have been using is,

“children without families”

“ high –risk children”

“Unattached Children”

“Children in need of care and protection”

“Abandoned children”

The UNICEF has called them “children in difficult circumstance”.

Around the part of the world the Terminology of street children used in different

ways as follows,

In Naples ,” SCUGIZZO ” derives from the work for spinning – top always

more.

In Peru, the “ PAJARO FRUTERO” (Fruit bird) earns his name looking out for the police in the market place.

In Colombia “GAMIN” (Kid) is Borrowed from the French, but has strongly negative connotations. The same world appears in RWANDA in the form “SALIGOMAN” (Sale gamin, Nasty kid).

In Zaire, street children are “MOINEAUX” (Sparrows)

In Cameroon, “POUSSINS” (Chicks) to field Workers, MOUSTIQUES” (Mosquitoes) to the police . Others have proposed the term “twilight children” to suggest their fragile and indefinite status.

Officialdom, in contrast, tends to be more circumspect and refers to street children euphemistically as “children in an irregular situation.” So, The street children is a most vulnerable and high – risk group in the society. According to UNICEF, they can be classified into three categories as follows.

Street children on the street (children with continuous family contact)

Street Children of the street (Children with occasional family contact)

Abandoned and Neglected children ( children without family)

One of the negative consequences of Urbanization in the world, particularly in the developing countries , is the existence of a large proportion of the urban poor living in slums and pavements many families do not find any shelter. The forces of modernization including industrialization and urbanization, coupled with the appalling condition of poverty have adversely affected the family life.

Illiteracy, broken family, III–treatment, parent left, Death of parents and orphans and poverty are the key factor that forced to runaway from home and living on the street at major metropolitan cities, particularly in chennai. The population of street children in chennai is around 1,00,000 Most of the street children are drop-outs from school.

Most of the time they are living on the street, without having basic general needs of food, clothing and shelter, psychological needs of love, protection and recognition and social needs of social interaction, acceptance and maturity. They are not able to get care and support from family as well as society.

Condition of street children

The most vulnerable are the runaway boys and girls who live on the railway station, bus station, market place, pavements, streets and do odd jobs like rag picking cup collecting, coolie, begging, cleaning the rail boogies, small hotels etc. These children live on pavements and street with sky as their shelter and no one to care for with love and affection.

The condition of street children is a sad reality that this section of the population are neglected, delinquent and are uncared for. They are a new and rapidly increasing group of vulnerable, deprived and exploited children in our cities.

Chennai NGO forum for street and working children conducted a survey on street children in 1996 with the support of UNICEF. This survey was conducted with the following objective:

To enumerate the number of children of children who were on the street in the city of chennai.

To find out the conditions of the street children in the city of Chennai

On the basis of the survey, it was estimated that the number of street children in the city of chennai would be around 75, 000. If one were to include the children bellow 6 years and the teenagers on the street, the population would be as high as 1.5 lakhs. They were covered under survey only 6 to 18 years children.

Most of them earn their livelihood doing odd jobs like picking rags, or recycling garbage, shining shoes, washing cars and the like. Their employers often exploit them sexually. In addition, most economic activities of the street children are controlled by territories, each of which is guarded fiercely by its members, who react violent if threatened . In this struggle for survival the competition is ruthless and only the fittest survive. To survive, They work for three hours a day on an average, either in the morning or in the evening, and with their earning they meet their daily expense. Whenever they need advance money for their expenses, they get from the waste paper shop owners for which they would sell their collection of waste only to that particular shop.

The waste paper shop is also their place of stay after their work. During their Leisure hours, they go for movies, regularly take drug, pills and injection and at night have sex with local CSWs at a cheaper rate. This involves the risk of acquiring AIDS and spreading it. They have homosexual habit also. The drugs they use includes brown sugar.

Family background

Most of the street children are living on the streets away from their family due to some of the following reasons, Abuse, violence, poverty, broken family, Peer group pressure, attractions on city life, dislike towards studies, frustration, orphan and others.

These street children have no one to care for them except their peer with whom they live on the streets. As they are away from home and school environment , the informal social control could only play a major role in their life in shaping the character and behaviour of these children.

The above stated variations have been affecting street children’s Self- esteem very deeply. Self esteem refers to the extent to which they expect to be accepted and valued by the adults and peers who are important to them. Even though self- esteem has been studied for more than 100 years, specialists and educators continue to debate its precise nature and development. But they generally agree that parents and other adults who are important to children play a major role in laying a solid foundation for a child’s development.

What is self – Esteem?

When parents and teachers of young children talk about the need for good self – esteem , they usually mean that children should have “ Good feelings” about themselves. With young children, self-esteem children refers to the extent to which they expect to be accepted and valued by the adults and peers who are important to them.

Children with a healthy self – esteem feel that the important adults in their lives accept them, care about them, and would go out of their way to ensure that they are safe and well . They feel that those adults would be upset if anything happened to them and would miss them if they were separated. Children with low self – esteem, on the other hand, feel that the important adults and peers in their life do not accept them, do not care about them very much, and would not go out of their way to ensure their safety and well –being.

During their early years, young children’s self- esteem is based largely on their perceptions of how the important adults in their lives judge them. The extent to which children believe they have the characteristics valued by the important adults and peers in their lives figures greatly in the development of Self – esteem. For example, in families and communities that value athletic ability highly, Children who excel in athletics are likely to have a high level of Self – esteem, Whereas children who are less athletic or who are criticized as being physically inept or clumsy are likely to suffer from low self – esteem.

Families, communities, and ethnic and cultural groups vary in the criteria on which self – esteem in based.

Children with self- esteem

Keeping self – esteem alive is necessary to every human being. It is the daily food of emotional health. Mother Teresa said that “each of us has a mission to fulfill, a mission to live, but that it must begin in our homes …. In the place where we are, with the people with when we are closest, and then spread out, “

Nurturing self- esteem in children, creating opportunities for success, facilitating a positive self – image are all important influences on a child’s healthy development.

Lack of self- esteem that damages a child’s self –image could interfere with a child’s ability to learn and relate.

To enhance a child’s self esteem is to be a positive force in a loving relationship and thereby make a worthwhile contribution to the world.

Many parents are unwittingly aiding their children to fail and have low self- esteem.

First we must define what every child needs. Every child needs to get parental approval.

for his or her own sense or personhood

for his or her sense of proven ability

for his or her sense of individuality

for set realistic achievement goals

to provide a framework of meaningful values

Typical sources of low self- esteem in children

In most cases, low self- esteem in children, stems from unfortunate childhood experiences. The greatest gift we as parents can give to our children is sound self- esteem. When we fail to give it we unconsciously build low self- esteem in our children.

A Parent’s own low self –esteem is a model for the child

A Child’s lack of recognition and appreciation by parents and others as an intrinsically valuable and important individual, can mar his self esteem. Phrases like “A child should be seen and not heard, “Mother knows best”, etc. demonstrate that the child’s needs, feelings, desires and opinions are not given due consideration.

A child sometimes makes self-deprecating comparisons of himself with those of his own age whom he admires for their strength and ability , their popularity, self –confidence and achievements. To make matters worse, his parents, family and friends compare him unfavourite brother or sister. This overpowers the child with devastating sense of inferiority.

A child feels inadequate because he is not encouraged and motivated to be independent, to do what he can for himself – to take responsibility for his ability as he grows in age and experience. The child is not taught to think for himself.

The false concepts, values and reactions of a child’s Parents, Teachers and peers, cause him to identify himself with his actions. For example, Mohan, whose mother had a severe migraine, is a “ bad boy” because he slammed the door. Whereas, in reality it was only his natural exuberance and lack of awareness that caused the act. This may load the child with self condemnation, shame, guilt and remorse.

Harsh and demanding parents set unreasonable standard, often raising them before the child has developed the ability to meet them. Parents may also subject their children to unreasonable, harsh criticism and undue and/or inconsistent punishment. Such actions cause early frustration, defeatism, and a destructive sense of inadequacy and inferiority.

A child being pushed beyond his capacity by the parents’ vicarious needs to achieve a sense of worth and importance through the child’s achievements often causes a deep feeling of inadequacy and unworthiness in the child.

Rivalry and unsuccessful emulation of an extremely bright or gifted brother or sister, or of an exceptionally talented and prominent parent often generates a deep sense of hopelessness and inferiority.

A child’s unflattering physical appearance and/or “odds” apparel, plus perhaps physical, mental, or emotional handicaps damage his sense of self worth.

A child raised on the basis of “ Reward and punishment”, rather than being motivated through understanding and allowed to make his own mistakes and to accept and resolve, so suffer the consequences develops low self –esteem.

Adverse economic, social, cultural, or ethnic position of parents and family often invite depreciation and ridicule.

Over possessiveness, over permissiveness, and undue control exercise by one, or both parents, nurtures a feeling of un – importance and lack of esteem in the child.

A serious sense of guilt is frequently induced by one’s material wealth or affluent background.

High values place on money, achievement and thing rather than on the individual and his innate worth, can preclude or destroy one’s self – esteem.

Repeated defeats and failures can destroy one’s sense of self- worth and result in one or two extremes. The child may become a drop-out from school or society or he may become a compulsive over achiever in a desperate attempt to “ prove himself”

Procrastination and lack of self – discipline, taking the path of least resistance, tend to demolish one’s self respect and sense of worth.

Lack of sense of meaning and purpose in life, of clear goals and objectives, preclude sound self – esteem; Key to High self – esteem.

The secret to inner peace lies in self – affirmation.

Need for the study

Bring to the end, many studies have concentrated on street children situational analysis, case studies and one study on street children on the independent variation of sex, age, education relationship between father and mother were conducted.

But no study was conducted in relation with street children’s self – esteem and so I have taken this problem for my project study. Because the street children are the important component of the developing country. but they are not in the main stream of the society. they are neglected from the family, school and social setup even they are having positive self – esteem about themselves which is not recognized by the existing social system. the street children’s perception towards the society is negative one.

SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION

Many psychologists state that our self –image is affected by all type experience. We have successes , failures, compliments, Put down personal experiences, our expectation and others expectation of us.

In 1657, Augustine Baker, a mystical theologian and Benedictine monk declared “self – esteem, Self- judgment and self – will” to be the there requisites of independence, the term had been used by scholars in Latin and Ancient Greeks, Plato, Aristotle and others. Thesaurus synonyms are “ self- reliance”, “self- consequence”, “poise”, “ confidence”, “ assurance”, “Pride” or “self- sufficiency”. Antonyms are “self – doubt” and “self – effacement” to “self- hatred” and “ shame”.

Therefore , the self- esteem provides an essential Thread that ties together various aspects of functioning. Low Level of self – esteem have been linked to confusion and disorganization with in a construct system. It would appear that low level of interrogation derived from grids developed to test the construction of others do not strongly imply that low level of interrogation will be found when the grids are based upon the construction of self.

No society can afford to ignore the street children .They are society’s future. They are to be integrated with the main stream of social development and to be provided with the opportunities to grow in sound mental and physical health in a appropriate social environment.

The human resource development approach has to be applied while dealing with all team, and it is sure that given all opportunities of their development, in their turn they can contribute immensely to the all round development of the society.

This study was conducted to mainly assess the level of self – esteem among street and school children to ascertain the possible reasons for higher or lower self – esteem.

Aim

Studying the level of self – esteem among street and school children.

Objective

To find out the level of self – esteem between school children and street children.

To find out the level of self –esteem between boys and girls among street children and school children.

To develop and recommend the remedial measures to overcome low elf esteem of street children.

Hypotheses

There will be significant difference between school children and street children in their level of self – esteem.

There will be significant difference between street boys and girls in their level of self – esteem.

There will be significant difference between street boys and school boys in their level of self – esteem.

There will be significant difference between street girls and school girls in their level of self – esteem.

There will be significant difference between school boys and girls in their level of self – esteem.

Sampling

Using Random sampling method for the study 120 school and street children were selected among these 120 children , 60 were boys and 60 were girls. Their age ranged from 12 to 17 years. Justification of age selection is, below 12 years the children are not able to recognize and express their self – esteem properly , so above 12 years has been selected for the study .

Tool used

The index of self –esteem by walter W.Hudson was found to be the most suitable tool to measure the self – esteem levels. The total questionnaire is 25

Statistical Analysis

The Collected date was analysed, the Mean, standard deviation, ‘t’ Value was established to test the hypotheses

Findings

The Level of Self – esteem of school children is lower than the level of street children, that means street children were having high level of self – esteem.

There is no gender different in the level of self –esteem of street children.

The level of self –esteem of the street boys is higher than school boys.

The Level of self – esteem of the street girls is higher than school girls.

The Level of self – esteem of school girls is higher than school boys.

Conclusion

An analysis of data collected being done, the following conclusion were arrived at. The Level of Self – esteem identified by the school children is lower than the level of street children, that means street children were having high level of self – esteem. The level of self – esteem developed by the street children boys and girls is the same. The level of self –esteem accumulated by the street boys is higher than school boys. The Level of self – esteem indicated by the street girls is higher than school girls.

Limitations

The sample was limited only in the age group of 12 to17 years

street and school children.

It was done only in Chennai city.

The sample size was small.

The self esteem questionnaires was given to the street children and school children separately.

Implications of the study

One of the first steps in encouraging healthy self – esteem in children is to : establish good relationships with them. Persons in good, relationship is ultimately what the world is all about . Relationships which are mutually loving and caring , honest and supportive create an atmosphere for healthy human growth and great self – esteem.

Emotionally, children are easily threatened by anyone bigger, older or more confident than they are not yet possessing the well – developed defended adults usually have, children’s sense of self is still Fragile vulnerable and easily knocked down. for example, children often don’t understand the significant difference chronological age can make in their performance. younger children may feel stupid because their older siblings appear smarter .they do not realize older children have had more time than they for learning skills, physical growth, greater muscle control, more practice and mare experience in sports, school, the arts and so on. younger children need to understand they may be years behind in eyepiece but not necessarily in intelligence.

When they get threats from others, they think of themselves as unlovable, incompetent, unimportant and un wanted misfits. threat brings on feelings of insecurity embarrassment ; failure and fear abounds inside them . So threat is too be avoided.

What Adults can do to boost self – esteem in children?

Acknowledge a child’s right to emotions.

Provides outlets for strong feelings.

allow time for strong feelings to cool off.

connect yourself with their strong emotions.

help relieve stress with some thing physical.

show that you can accept even the undesirable.

encourage children to talk to other adults.

help children by telling them stories.

what parents can do ?

Apart from this, in order to build great self – esteem in children, parents need to.

Be an example of self – value, self – love and self p celebration.

Respect your child as a unique never – to -be- repeated miracle of good.

Lead your child to feel loved , Valued and respected for his / her own self.

Make your child responsible for his/ her actions and conduct.

Help your child to feel capable of accomplishing things on his/her own.

Show your child that each day is full of joys and wonderful experiences.

Give sincere praise and appreciation for every good experience.

Let your child find him self through your guidance. Don’t make him a robot or rubber stamp of yourself.

Invest time and energy to help your child achieve greatness.

Lead your child to Improve with each event, not compete with others who may be more beautiful smarter or wealthier . these are False standards of greatness and make one all but feel like a loser the winner in the one who is doing his best for his own sake. Be consistent in your discipline and lead your child to agree as to proper conduct. Empress praise for good behavior and don’t destroy the value of praise by withholding praise when improper conduct occurs. Teach children not to use self put- downs Teach them how to give tem selves self – support self – value, and self – assurance.

Parents can play an Important role in strengthening children’s self – esteem by treating them respect fully , taking their views and opinions seriously, and expressing appreciation to them above all, parents must keep in mind that self – esteem is an important part of every child’s development.

New York City (Nyc) Personal Injury Lawyer – 866-Atty-Law

If you or your loved ones are injured due to negligence or deliberate actions of some individual or authority then you can file a personal injury compensation claim. Different types of compensation claims are covered under New York Personal Injury Law. It is generally difficult to receive justice and compensation from the negligent authority. If you or somebody close to you was a victim of medical malpractice then pursuing a personal injury case can get complicated. It is never advisable to go alone when it comes to filing a personal injury lawsuit. If you seek legal counsel from an experienced personal injury lawyer then it will help you improve your chances of receive justice and compensation from the negligent individual/or authority involved.

Following are some of the FAQs related to New York personal injury law.

Is it compulsory to hire a personal injury attorney?

No, it is not compulsory as per the law. However, in certain cases your injury lawsuit can get complicated. If there were any state authorities involved, then you would be having slim chances of getting any compensation regardless of your injuries and damages. There are several experienced attorneys who offer free personal injury consultation on contingency basis. These lawyers will work on no-win-no-fee policy and only receive a fraction of amount from the final compensation claim amount. Therefore, they will only receive their fees if they succeed in winning your case. Hiring a personal injury attorney will certainly increase your chances of winning your case.

What is the statute of limitations?

The statute of limitations is a set amount of time during which you must file a lawsuit. You cannot file a personal injury lawsuit once the statute of limitations has expired. The statute of limitations could vary from state to state.

New York Statute of Limitation

Personal Injury: 3 years.

Fraud: 6 years.

Libel / Slander / Defamation: 1 year.

Injury to Personal Property: 3 years.

Product Liability: 3 years.

Contracts: 6 years.

Whether it is advisable to go for a personal injury settlement or a jury trail?

This is bit difficult to decide, but an injury lawyer will help you take the right step in the right direction. You should discuss these issues with your lawyer and he will let you know the best options available to you.

What are the different types of compensations which are covered under New York Personal Injury Law?

You will receive compensation for various types of injuries which includes medical bills, damage to your property, suffering and trauma, damage to your health and other types of physical injuries, injuries received in an accident. This amount will variate depending upon your injuries and losses.

You should get in touch with a New York personal injury lawyer who will help you receive justice and compensation from the negligent individuals or authorities involved.

New York Personal Injury Attorney – 866-ATTY-LAW – representing victims of medical malpractice, auto accident injuries and various other types of personal injuries.

Miss Universe 2007 in Mexico City

MISS UNIVERSE 2007 IN MEXICO CITY

By Alejandro Guevara Onofre

Miss Universe’s my favorite Telecast. It’s really exciting. I always want my favorite “Miss” to win. When they win, I am really happy. But when my favorite lose…Every year, I have a favorite delegate. Last year was Miss Japan, Kurara Chibana. From my point of view, I think that Miss Japan 2006 is a perfect beauty… In 1978 was my countrywoman: In my opinion, I think that Miss Peru, Olga Roxana Zumaran Burga, has one of the best bodies in the Miss Universe History…she was a big favorite in Acapulco, Mexico… I think that Olga was eliminated this contest because she did not speak English…In this year I was a children…I was a fan of Miss Peru…

In 1985, my favorite was Miss Zaire, currently the Democratic Republic of Congo…. Miss Zaire ,Kayonga “Benita” Mureka Tete…Miss Africa and great favorite in Miss World 1985… …her exotic beauty was very special. Some people think that I am passionate about Miss Universe…It’s true…My mother is guilty of that. She has a great admiration for Gladys Zender, Miss Universe 1957.

I remember that my country was elected host the Miss Universe on January 1982. For me, was a surprised to read in the newspapers that Lima, Peru’s capital, hosted the Miss Universe. I felt very happy…My country made a great contest…were times against the terrorism by Shining Path… One of my favorites was Miss Brazil.. spectacular Cecyle Pinto Marques da Sylva (1,80m-18 years old and brown eyes) was born in Belem do Para, Amazonas (Amazonian jungle. She studied medicine. Glamorous Miss Amazonas said that her idol is the Supreme Pontieff John Paul II.

The Miss Universe Pageant originated in the 1950s in Long Beach, California. Certainly, Miss Universe has been compared to Olympic Games. I think that Miss Universe begin in Ancient Greece…More than 1,000 years… I remember that sports and beauty were important for the Ancient Greeks. Certainly, Cyprus Island was the sanctuary of Aphrodite, the Goddess of Beauty and Love

For the fourth time, Mexico will host the 56th the Miss Universe Pageant. The final will be at the National Auditorium in Mexico City, on May 28th.Mexico is one of the most wonderful places on Earth…There are very nice beaches: Cancun, Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, La Paz, Puerto Escondido, and Acapulco. For example, Cozumel Island is a tropical paradise…The Mexican Jungle is the real fascination…paradisiac landscapes. Furthermore, Mexico has one of the oldest histories in the world. Like Peru, France and Thailand, Mexico is the home of International gastronomy…Mexico is very famous for its food…tacos, empanadas, moles, and enchiladas…Finally, the people are very warm and friendly. From my perspective, I think that Mexico is the perfect place for Miss Universe…Welcome to MEXICO!

FROM 1952 TO 2007:

1952: Long Beach, California. Miss Finland was the first Miss Universe…

1955: Long Beach, California. Miss Sweden was crowned Miss Universe. Miss El Salvador, Maribel Arrietta, was the big favorite. Miss El Salvador was compared to Marilyn Monroe by American journalists.

1957: Long Beach (California). Miss Peru, Gladys Zender Urbina was elected Miss Universe. She is the first Latin woman to win the Miss Universe.

1959: Long Beach, California. Miss Italy, Maria Grazia Buccella, was the big favourite, but she did not make the semifinals. Next day, Italian newspapers criticized Akiko Kojima…New Miss Universe from Japan….

1961: Long Beach, California. Marlene Schmidt became the first German woman to win the Miss Universe title.

1962: Miss Haiti, Evelyn Miot, was the first black woman to be a semifinalist at Miss Universe…

1964: Long Beach, California. Corina Tsopie was the first person from Greece to win the Pageant.

1968: Miami Beach, Florida.Martha Vasconcelos became the second Brazilian to win the Miss Universe title.

1969: Miami Beach, Florida. Miss Philippines, Gloria Diaz, became the third Miss universe from the Asia.

1975: San Salvador (El Salvador).The winner was Anne Pohtamo, Miss Finland. She looks like Grace Kelly, who was an American actress and Princess of Monaco (a small country in Europe).During her reign, she went to the USA, Australia, Hong Kong, Dominican Republic and other countries in the Third World…She was crowned in El Salvador, the birthplace of Maribel Arrieta, one of the most beautiful delegates in the chronology of MU…. Jackeline Gammarra, Miss Bolivia, was big favorite in San Salvador. Ironically, she had been eliminated in the semifinals of Miss Universe. She is one of the best South American delegates in the history of Miss Universe…

1978: Acapulco, Mexico. Miss South Africa won the title. The favorites were : 1-El Salvador, 2-Peru, 3-USA, 4-SAfrica, 5-Israel, 6-Sweden, 7-Wales, 8-Costa Rica. Miss Costa Rica, Maribel Fernandez (actress in the 1980s and 1990s), was eliminated. The great surprise was Miss Chile… very intelligent (she spoke English, French and German)… Miss Peru, Olga Roxana Zumaran Burga, has been the only Peruvian favorite in the Miss Universe History…but she did not speak English as Miss Colombia and Miss Spain. Another eliminated was Miss El Salvador, Iris Yvette Mazorra, one of the best Latin American delegates in MU.

1979: Perth (Australia). Miss Brazil was a big favorite until last minute, but she had poor speech in the finals. Miss Venezuela, Maritza Sayalero won the title.

1981: New York City. Under the leadership of Osmel Sousa, President of Miss Venezuela Organization, Venezuela’s Irene Saez was crowned Miss Universe. The final ranking:1-Venezuela, 2-Canada, 3-Sweden, 4-Brazil, 5-Belgium. After the Miss Universe, Miss Brazil, Adriana Alves de Oliveira had worked as professional model in Paris…In 1984 she was London, the United Kingdom, where she was the first favorite by international journalism and houses of best. With at 1.81m, she had a perfect body and European profile…But she only came between 7 semifinalists. She is the best delegate from Brazil since Magdalena Sbairini, other big favorite in Miss World 1977…

1982: Lima ,Peru. The favorites were: 1-Miss Chile, 2-Miss South Africa, 3-Miss Brazil, 4-Miss Finland 5-Miss Canada 6-Miss Austria 7-Greece 8-Miss Wales 9-Miss Italy 10-Miss Australia…Weren’t favorites: Guam, USA, Uruguay, Germany, Peru, Venezuela, England and Miss Sweden. Miss South Africa, Odett Octavia Scrooby, (18 years old, 173m, blue eyes and 54 k) was born in Skeerpoort. She had been a professional model in Johannesburg, a city in SA. Her hobbies are drawing and painting. Her dream was to become an international supermodel. She did not win because her country was the birthplace of Apartheid…However, Miss Canada won the title. Karen Baldwin was a student at university in Canada.Her dream was to become a businesswoman. Her hobbies were water sports and playing tennis, squash and racquetball. Like Gladys Zender, one of the judges, Karen was a sportswoman. “My idol is the Mother Theresa of Calcutta”, said in an interview with Mario Vargas Llosa (judge).In the International judge, Karen had had the support of Rod Duguay, her countrymen and a famous hockey player…

1984: Miami, Florida. Miss South Africa, Leticia Snyman, was a big favorite, but she did not win Miss Universe. After 1984,Miss Universe company did not accept South Africa contestants until 1995,when Namibia was host the Miss Universe.

1985: Miami, Florida. The final ranking: 1-PR,2-Spain,3-Zaire,4-Venezuela,5-Uruguay. Miss Zaire, Benita Mureka, was the first black African finalist in Miss Universe. Miss Zaire has her own style, very beautiful. Miss Puerto Rico, a girl very common, was elected Miss Universe…very strange result.

1986: Panama City. Miss Venezuela, Barbara Palacios Teyde. Venezuela has had many judges in the Miss Universe since 1984: Certainly, Carolina Herrera (1984 and 1997), Irene Saez (1983 and 1995), Maria Consuelo Alonso (1993 and 1998), Lupita Ferrer (1986), Barbara Palacios Teyde (1988) and Jose Luis Rodriguez (1991. Different from Venezuela, Jamaica has not had an judge in MU history…as Bolivia, Paraguay, Portugal, Austria, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Namibia, Curacao, Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Ireland…

1987: Singapore City. Miss Chile, Cecilia Bolocco was crowned Miss Universe Pageant. She had a sensational interview with judges. Miss Colombia, Patricia Lopez, did not qualify for the semifinals. After of won Miss South America-Universe and Miss Photogenic, Patricia Lopez became the big favorite to win the Miss Universe, but she did not speak English very well. Good bye Colombia…

1989: Cancun, Mexico. Andrea Stelzer was Miss South Africa 1985 but when she arrived at Miami Airport Immigration did not accept her entrance to Miami. Reasons: Radical protests by American Anti-Apartheid activists. After…like many South African, she became German citizen. In 1989 she won the Miss Germany title. She went to Cancun and was semifinalist at the Miss Universe…

1990: Venezuela was the dominant force in Miss Universe Pageant in the 1990s.

1993: Mexico City. Maria Consuelo Alonso, international judge, did not support Miss Venezuela, Milka Chulina, at the Miss Universe. In Caracas, there was many critics towards Maria Consuelo…She was born in Cuba.

1994: Manila, Philippines. The ranking final: 1-Miss India, 2-Miss Colombia, 3-Miss Venezuela. Many people think that Colombia never winner Miss Universe… because the narcotrafic. Colombia have had spectacular girls like Aura Maria Mojica and Paloma Turbay Ayala…

1996: Las Vegas, Nevada. Miss Venezuela, Alicia Machado, won the Miss Universe Pageant. She is always controversial and charismatic…

1999: Trinidad Tobago. Miss Botswana, Mpule Kwelagobe, became Miss Universe. Since 1999, she is an Anti-AIDS activist in the Third World.

2000: Nicosia, Cyprus, the birthplace of Aphrodite…Miss India, Lara Dutta was crowned Miss Universe. Miss France, Sonia Rolland, who speaks French, English and Spanish, was another bi-racial beauty. She has a Rwandan mother and a French father. Sonia was a child who lived at the time of the Rwandan War.

2006: Los Angeles, California. Miss Puerto Rico, Zuleyka Rivera, was crowned Miss Universe Pageant… Did you know that… Puerto Rico has had several judges in the Miss Universe History: Mapy Cortes (actress/1972), Marisol Malaret (former MU: 1977 and 2002),Deborah Carthy-Deu (ex-MU: 1987 and 2003), Dayanara Torres (2001),Marc Anthony (2001)and Maria Celeste Arraras (journalist/2003 and 2006)…but Chile only has had two judges: Cecilia Bolocco (1996) and Christian de la Fuente (20001)….

2007: Welcome to Mexico…Miss Universe 2007

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